Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Risk Factors Associated with Salmonella spp. Isolates from Poultry Farms in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study

The burden of antimicrobial use in agricultural settings is one the greatest challenges facing global health and food security modern era. Malaysian poultry operations are a relevant but understudied component epidemiology resistance. We aimed to identify prevalence, resistance patterns, risk factors associated with Salmonella isolates from farms three states East Coast Peninsular Malaysia. Between 8 February 2019 23 2020, total 371 samples (cloacal swabs = 259; faecal 84; Sewage 14, Tap water 14) was collected operations. Characteristics sampled were obtained using semi-structured questionnaires. Presumptive spp. identified based on colony morphology subsequent biochemical PCR confirmation. Susceptibility tested against panel 12 antimicrobials disk diffusion method. Our findings revealed that proportion spp.-positive across sample source as following: cloacal swab (46.3%, 120/259); (59.5%, 50/84); tap (14.3%, 2/14); sewage (35.7%, 5/14). Isolates (15.5%, 13/84), (1.2%, 3/259), (7.1%, 1/14) significantly resistant at least five classes antimicrobials. Resistance Sulfonamides class (52%, 92/177) predominantly observed followed by tetracycline (39.5%, 70/177) aminoglycosides (35.6%, 63/177). Multivariate regression analysis intensive management system (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.00–2.40) leading driver (AMR) acquisition. A prevalence common recorded for sulfamethoxazole (33.9%), (39.5%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (37.9%). close association between different AMR strains suggests concern over rising misuse veterinary may contribute emergence evolution multidrug-resistant pathogen isolates. One Health approach recommended achieve positive outcome all species.